Common prosperity for all people in the process of Chinese modernization is one of the goals pursued in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. As a vulnerable group, the development level of people with disabilities reflects, to some extent, the degree of social equity and social civilization. However, due to limitations such as physiological impairments, social environmental barriers, and imperfect institutional safeguards, people with disabilities in China currently face challenges in educational attainment, employment, social activities, and equal opportunities. From the perspective of feasible capabilities, this paper explores the practical obstacles and causes hindering common prosperity for people with disabilities in China. It argues that common prosperity for people with disabilities is not merely a process of income growth but also a process of enhancing capabilities and opportunities. The main challenges in the development of people with disabilities in China include insufficient capability development, unequal social opportunities, and an imperfect institutional support system. Therefore, solutions to common prosperity for people with disabilities can be sought through improving their capability development, perfecting employment and income security mechanisms, enhancing social security and public service systems, promoting social integration, and establishing multi-stakeholder collaborative governance mechanisms. The study concludes that building an inclusive social policy system centered on capability development is a crucial approach to enabling people with disabilities and all members of society to share the fruits of development and achieve common prosperity.