Marriage, family, and gender roles constitute foundational pillars of social organization across human civilizations. This paper conducts a sociological analysis of these institutions, examining their historical evolution, theoretical underpinnings, and contemporary transformations. Drawing on structural-functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist, and feminist perspectives, the study explores how cultural, economic, and political forces shape domestic life and the distribution of power within families. The analysis demonstrates that while traditional patriarchal norms have faced significant challenges in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, systemic inequalities persist in both private and public spheres. The paper further examines the sociology of diverse family structures, cohabitation trends, and shifting gender ideologies. Ultimately, the discussion argues that family and gender are not static biological givens but dynamic social constructs subject to continuous renegotiation.