The Vedic Age (1500-600 BCE) in ancient India follows the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization and is named after the Vedas, composed by the Indo-Aryans. The Aryans migrated around 1500 BCE, encountering the Indus Valley Civilization, with theories suggesting migration, indigenous origin, or a hybrid of both.

The Vedas—Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda—provide insights into early Vedic society, including rituals, social customs, and philosophical ideas. The Rig Vedic Age (1500-1000 BCE) reflects life in the Saptasindhu region, politically, socially, and culturally.

Politically, the Vedic Age featured decentralized tribal organization under chiefs or "rajas," with assemblies like the Sabha and Samiti showing early democratic practices. Governance included figures like the Purohit (priest) and Senapati (commander), with taxation through voluntary gifts and occasional raids.

The varna system categorized society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, defining social roles, with women initially enjoying higher status in rituals and education. Post-Vedic, the caste system solidified social hierarchy based on birth and occupation, influencing all aspects of life.