Cholera is a potentially epidemic and clinically indistinguishable from other causes of watery diarrheal illness characterized by the profound and rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes, abdominal discomfort and vomiting. The causative agent belongs to the members of the species Vibrio cholerae which are found in water or food contaminated with faeces. In developing countries, where the population is high, cholera is the main cause of epidemic diarrhoea. In India, cholera is endemic in the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas of Indian subcontinent. Cholera continued to be a major global problem during the years 2010–2017, with large epidemics affecting people in Haiti and Yemen, and surges in endemic disease in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Prospective population-based cholera surveillance in an African sentinel network showed an incidence of 0.3/10 000 in endemic settings that increased to <20/10 000 during epidemics. The incidences of cholera disease were mostly recorded in Africa and southern Asia, with about 99% of all cases occurring in these regions. Approximately 1.3 billion people are at risk of cholera in endemic countries. An estimated 2.86 million cholera cases occurs annually in endemic countries. Among these cases, there are an estimated 95,000 deaths (uncertainty range: 21 000 – 143 000). As per WHO the incidence rates are 2–4 times higher than those of the overall population, with children aged <2 years having by far the highest incidence rates (8.6/1000 in Kolkata and 3.2/1000 in North Jakarta). Preventive measures include a clean water supply and appropriate sanitation. Oral cholera vaccines elicit immune response of a longer shelf life and good memory. These vaccines may be particularly useful as part of cholera prevention programs in endemic or epidemic areas. The primary treatment of cholera includes intravenous rehydration and oral rehydration. Antibiotics play a secondary role in the treatment of cholera by shortening the length of cholera diarrhoea. Cholera outbreaks are influenced by environmental factors and geographical frames as it influences the Vibrio cholerae dynamics. Population density, urbanization and overcrowding also influence cholera transmission. It is also closely associated with the social and behavioral aspects of individuals as well as communities. Each year, many cholera outbreaks are reported from different regions of the world. These outbreaks have negative impact on social and economic conditions of the affected countries.